Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission

This paper describes the scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first exploration mission to Mars. An orbiter, carrying a lander and a rover, lifted-off in July 2020 for a journey to Mars where it should arrive in February 2021. A suite of 13 scientific payloads, for in-situ and remote sensing, autonomously commanded by integrated payload controllers and mounted on the orbiter and the rover will study the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Mars and the relation with the solar wind, the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of the planet, looking at the topography, composition and structure and in particular for subsurface ice. The mission will also investigate Mars climate history. It is expected that Tianwen-1 will contribute significantly to advance our scientific knowledge of Mars.     

飞行器智能设计愿景与关键问题

未来飞行器正朝着多元化、无人化和智能化的方向发展，高超声速、超隐身和变体等新型飞行器不断涌现。而传统飞行器解耦分拆的设计方法越来越难以满足未来飞行器综合性能全面提升的要求，只有通过整体化设计才能充分发掘飞行器的潜能。通过分析传统飞行器设计中存在的问题，提出满足全生命周期要求的飞行器智能设计体系理念，利用知识库的构建将智能赋予飞行器平台系统设计、制造生产和运维这3个阶段，并通过数字孪生技术进行飞行器全生命周期的仿真、分析和预测，以对飞行器设计、运行等数据进行更新，使该体系形成闭环。就飞行器智能设计体系中需要的关键技术及涉及的科学问题等进行了讨论，并给出了未来发展方向以供参考。     

Early analysis of precise orbit and clock offset determination for the satellites of the global BeiDou-3 system

Eight new-generation BeiDou satellites (BeiDou-3) have been launched into Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), allowing for global coverage since March 2018, and they are equipped with new hydrogen atomic clocks and updated rubidium clocks. Firstly, we analyzed the signals for the carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0) and pseudorange multipath (MP) by using international GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) station data, and found that B1C has a lower C/N0, and B2a has the same level of C/N0 as the B1I and B3I signals. For pseudorange multipath, compared with the BeiDou-2 satellites, the obvious systematic variation of MP scatters related to the elevation angle is greatly improved for the BeiDou-3 and BeiDou-3e satellites signals. For the signals of the BeiDou-3 satellites, the order of the Root Mean Square (RMS) values of multipath and noise is B3I?<?B1I?<?B2a?<?B1C. Then, the comparison of the precise orbit determination and clock offset determination for the BeiDou-2, BeiDou-3, and BeiDou-3 experimental (BeiDou-3e) satellites was done by using 10 stations from iGMAS. The 3D precision of the 24?h orbit overlap is 24.55, 25.61, and 23.35?cm for the BeiDou-3, BeiDou-3e, and BeiDou-2 satellites, respectively. BeiDou-3 satellite has a comparable precision to that of the BeiDou-2 satellite. For the precision of clock offset estimation, the Standard Deviation (STD) of the BeiDou-3 MEO satellite is 0.350?ns, which is an improvement of 0.042?ns over that of the BeiDou-2 MEO satellite. The stabilities of the BeiDou-3 and BeiDou-3e onboard clocks are better than those of BeiDou-2 by factors of 2.84 and 1.61 at an averaging time of 1000 and 10,000?s, respectively.     

RTK model and positioning performance analysis using Galileo four-frequency observations

This paper proposes a real-time kinematic (RTK) model that uses one common reference satellite for the Galileo system with four frequency observations. In the proposed model, the double-differenced (DD) pseudorange and carrier phase biases among the different frequencies are estimated as unknown parameters to recover the integer features of the DD ambiguities among the different frequencies for ambiguity resolution and precise positioning. Analysis results show that the E5a, E5b, and E5 frequencies have virtually the same performance in terms of the positioning accuracy, observation residuals, and ratio values of ambiguity resolution. However, the E1 frequency performs worse than the E5a, E5b, and E5 frequencies. The RTK results for the combination of multiple frequencies are much better than those for a single-frequency observation, the coordinates’ standard deviation is improved about 20–30%, and the ambiguity fix time is improved about 10%.     

高温铝合金电磁超声检测回波特性及因素分析

针对高温铝合金在线检测条件下，温度对铝合金电磁超声检测回波特性的影响规律尚不明确、高温检测时缺陷定量/定位补偿困难这一难题，以螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器（EMAT）为例，建立了高温铝合金EMAT检测过程的场路耦合有限元模型；研究了温度对EMAT激励/接收换能效率、EMAT激励/接收电路的功率分配特性、超声传播过程中的扩散/介质衰减特性、回波幅值和超声声速等因素的影响规律；研制了耐高温EMAT探头，对20~500℃高温铝合金试样进行了检测实验，并测定了高温铝合金的超声介质衰减系数和超声声速。在仿真和实验相结合的基础上，分析了高温检测时超声回波幅值变化特性及其影响因素。结果表明：对于铝合金这类非铁磁性金属材料，导致高温时超声回波幅值下降的主要原因是超声介质衰减系数随着温度的升高而增大，其次为高温时EMAT激励/接收电路的功率分配特性的改变。在激励EMAT在试样表面形成的洛伦兹力不变的条件下，其所激励的超声波回波幅值具有随着温度的增加而增加的特点，可以有效减缓超声回波幅值下降的趋势。     

基于IFOA的MEMS加速度计无转台标定

为提高微机电系统（MEMS）加速度计的标定效率并降低对高精度转台的依赖，提出一种基于改进果蝇优化算法（IFOA）的MEMS加速度计无转台标定方法。首先，根据模观测标定法原理将加速度计标定问题转化为非线性函数优化问题。然后，针对经典果蝇优化算法存在的只能搜索正参数及搜索步长固定的不足，对味道浓度判定值及搜索步长进行改进，使改进后的算法具有全局参数搜索及可变步长2种性能，并利用Rosenbrock函数进行测试，结果表明，IFOA相比于经典果蝇优化算法具有全局参数寻优范围及更高的寻优精度。最后，将IFOA应用于求解加速度计待标定参数的非线性函数优化问题，并将结果与牛顿迭代法和粒子群优化（PSO）算法进行对比。仿真结果表明:IFOA在求解精度方面比牛顿迭代法提高了1~3个数量级；在运行稳定性方面比牛顿迭代法和PSO算法分别提高了30%和34%，在运行时间方面分别减小了15.2%和43.6%；在加速度计无转台标定方面具有良好的应用价值。